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| CHANGE IN NEW ZEALAND 1840–1914
Immigration - Consider push factors, pull factors, and what settlers did on arrival for each of the following groups:
- British and Irish migration (1840s –1870s)
- Otago and Westland gold rushes (1861 –1867)
- Government-assisted migration and new settlements.
How immigration was shaped by predominant views of the time - Wakefield and Vogel schemes; views of New Zealand as a ‘fairer Britain of the South Seas’ and a ‘Better Britain’; dominant views of ‘ideal’ citizens as white, non-alien, able-bodied, and able-minded (e.g. laws controlling immigration like the Chinese Immigrants Act 1881, Imbecile Passengers Act 1882).
- 1881–1934 poll tax on Chinese immigrants and other discriminatory practices against Chinese (2002 formal government apology).
Changing land use and other economic changes between 1840 and 1914 - Iwi and hapū adaptations to new economic opportunities. For example, gold mining (guiding miners through passes to the West Coast, mining in the Aorere Valley), geothermal tourism, flour mills (in the Waikato, Taranaki, Whanganui, Rotorua, and Wairarapa), shipping (e.g. the purchase of vessels by iwi from the Bay of Islands, Hauraki, the Bay of Plenty, the East Coast, and Poverty Bay to transport essential produce for sustaining early European towns), and food production to supply growing European settlements (e.g. Nelson was entirely dependent on Māori for supplies; potatoes, wheat, and pigs were supplied to Wellington; Ngāi Tahu sold potatoes from Taieri and Moeraki at Ōtākou, near Dunedin).
- Damage to Māori economic activity. For example, as a result of competition from steam-driven flour mills, the fall in the price of wheat and potatoes in Australia in the late 1850s, the impact of the New Zealand Wars, the blockading of Māori-controlled ports, the growing self-sufficiency of settlements, and the loss of fertile land due to confiscations and decisions of the Native Land Court.
- Widespread transformation of land into farms, especially for sheep and dairy, reshaping the environment for export-led agriculture.
- Richard Seddon (Prime Minister 1893–1906) was New Zealand’s longest-serving Prime Minister. He led major reforms in land, labour, and welfare, and shaped New Zealand’s early identity.
- Crown land policies and legislation including establishment of the Native Land Court under the Native Lands Act (1865), enabling the conversion of communal Māori land into individual titles. Māori resistance to subsequent land loss including Kīngitanga and petitions.
- Development of new towns, Māori urban migration, rail lines, and refrigerated trade linked rural production to overseas markets and supported the rise of a settler economy anchored in farming, small-scale industry, and ties to Britain: Main Trunk Line (1908), refrigeration (1882), and their role in export growth.
Causes, key events, and outcomes of the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872) - Assertions of sovereignty by both Māori and the British, land disputes, and mana in fuelling conflict.
- Overview of regional conflicts: Waikato, Tauranga, Taranaki, Whanganui, Te Kooti’s War.
- Alignment of different Māori groups and their motivations including strategic, political, and economic considerations (e.g. Tāmati Waka Nene).
- Role of Wiremu Tāmihana, Te Pōtatau Wherowhero, and Tāwhaio in the Kīngitanga movement.
Outcomes - Long-term consequences for Māori land ownership, tūrangawaewae, and Māori-Crown relations.
| THE ASIA-PACIFIC AND NEW ZEALAND, c.1910–1970S The consequences of imperial rule and resistance in the Asia-Pacific (c.1910–1941) - European colonial control over territories in Southeast Asia, including British Malaya, French Indochina, the Dutch East Indies, and the Philippines.
- Indigenous resistance and early nationalist movements, including the 1911 Xinhai Revolution and the March 1st Movement in Korea.
- Growth of Japanese imperialism; previous expansion into Taiwan then Korea, and mainland China.
- New Zealand’s administration of what was Western Samoa under mandate from 1914 including mishandling of the influenza pandemic. Local resistance, including the Mau movement and Black Saturday (1929).
The consequences of war and occupation in the Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) - Japanese expansion across East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Invasion and occupation of countries such as Burma, the Philippines, Malaya, and parts of China.
- Consequences of occupation on local populations; instances of resistance and collaboration.
- The use of atomic bombs and the surrender of Japan.
Geopolitical changes after the war (1945–1949) - Defeat and dismantling of the Japanese Empire; U.S. occupation and reforms in Japan.
- Division of Korea and growing influence of the USA and USSR in the region.
- Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949).
- The emergence of Cold War tensions across Asia.
The Cold War in Asia and New Zealand’s role (1950s–1970s) - New Zealand’s military involvement in the Korean War, Vietnam War, Malayan Emergency, and Indonesia — Malaysia Confrontation.
- Alignment with U.S. Cold War strategy through SEATO, ANZUS, and participation in the Colombo Plan.
- Regional instability and the rise of authoritarian regimes in countries such as the Philippines and Indonesia.
Political change in the Pacific and Southeast Asia - Western Samoa’s (now Samoa) independence (1962); self-government of the Cook Islands (1965) and Niue (1974) under New Zealand’s administration.
- Independence of Malaysia and Singapore; broader retreat of European colonial powers from Southeast Asia.
- Independence movements across the Pacific, including Fiji (1970), Papua New Guinea (1975), and Vanuatu (1980) and Tonga’s (2010) transition to constitutional monarchy, New Zealand’s dual role as a former colony and colonial administrator during these independence movements and political changes.
New Zealand Government apologies - 2002 formal apology to Chinese New Zealanders and their descendants for poll tax and other forms of discrimination imposed by statute.
- 2002 apology to the nation of Samoa for actions taken during the New Zealand mandate. In particular, allowing the entry of the influenza-carrying Talune in 1918, Black Saturday in 1929, and the colonial administration’s exiling of Samoan leaders and stripping of titles.
- Helen Clark (Prime Minister 1999-2008) was the first elected female New Zealand Prime Minister. She focused on social development, education and healthcare, and advocated for gender equality and sustainability.
- 2021 formal apology to Pacific communities for the 1970s Dawn Raids.
| For example, consider: - how New Zealand changed and stayed the same during the 20th century, and who shaped that change
- the consequences of World War Two on New Zealand society
- the kinds of sources, government unemployment statistics, relief-camp diaries and newspaper reports, best reveal how ordinary New Zealanders experienced the Depression of the 1930s
- how sources (Waitangi Tribunal submissions, oral-history interviews with protest participants, or contemporary television news coverage) offer different insights into the goals, strategies, and community impact of the Māori land-rights protests of the 1970s–80s
| For example, consider: - the main causes of Japanese imperial expansion into Taiwan, Korea, and mainland China
- the factors which triggered the Mau movement for Samoan independence
- the historical significance of Black Saturday for Samoans
- the factors which drove New Zealand’s decisions to commit troops to the Korean and Vietnam Wars
- the causes of the wave of decolonisation in Southeast Asia and the Pacific between 1945 and 1962
- the similarities and differences between Māori and Pacific protest movements over land rights in New Zealand and anti-colonial uprisings in Southeast Asia during the 1960s–70s
- how convincing the interpretation is that Pacific decolonisation, including Western Samoa (now Samoa) (1962), the Cook Islands, and Niue, can be understood as a smooth and legally structured transition under New Zealand’s administration
- which source types, such as official colonial government reports, contemporary missionary or business correspondence, or peasant petitions and petitions to local courts can most reliably reveal how ordinary people experienced colonial administration.
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New Zealand History and Global History
| WORLD WAR ONE AND AFTERMATH 1914–1920 The lead up to war - European countries and their alliances and the events of 1914 leading to war.
How mobilisation was organised - Mobilisation: forming a New Zealand Army structure and leadership of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF).
- Volunteer enlistment criteria and recruitment methods (1914–16) followed by conscription. Conscientious objectors.
- Kīngitanga and iwi-based debates over conscription and voluntary service, including resistance led by Te Puea Hērangi and contrasting advocacy by Āpirana Ngata, who promoted Māori enlistment as a path to recognition and mana motuhake.
The significance of Gallipoli for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) - Strategic objectives and outcomes of the Dardanelles campaign.
- Terrain, combat conditions, and casualty rates at Gallipoli.
How society was transformed to enable ‘Total War’ - Wartime economic measures, including rationing, pricing boards, and war loans.
- Women’s roles in wartime healthcare, industry, and volunteer organisations.
- Disruption of Māori rural life through urban migration and land requisition.
The experience of war on the Western Front - The composition and deployment of the NZ Division on the Western Front.
- Tactics used at the Somme, Messines, and Passchendaele.
- Role and operations of the Māori Pioneer Battalion (1916–18).
The aftermath of World War One - Reasons for the end of World War One.
- National observance of ANZAC Day from 1916, Dawn Service.
- The Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act 1915 and its effects on veterans.
- Impacts on Māori land retention and return to ancestral tūrangawaewae.
- Returned soldiers’ advocacy and links to early Labour Party development.
- The war’s role in reconfiguring New Zealand’s identity.
- Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918 including its impact on both New Zealand and Samoa.
| THE ROAD TO WAR: GERMANY 1918-1939 The Weimar Republic - Challenges of the Weimar Republic (1918–1923) including establishment of democracy, breakdown of the rule of law, and impact of the Treaty of Versailles including hyperinflation crisis.
- Economic recovery the ‘Golden Years’ under Stresemann (1924–1929).
- Impact of the Wall Street Crash and Great Depression on Germany.
Reasons for the rise of the Nazi Party (1919–1933) - Origins of the Nazi Party, Hitler’s early role and the Munich Putsch (1923).
- Growth in support during the Depression. Role of propaganda, failures of Weimar Politicians, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and Hitler’s leadership.
- Reasons for Hindenburg’s appointment of Hitler as Chancellor, January 1933.
How the Nazi dictatorship was established and consolidated - The Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Act.
- Elimination of political opposition.
- Hitler becomes Führer.
- Role of the SS, Gestapo, and concentration camps.
- Censorship and propaganda, control of education, youth organisations, and the arts.
- Nazi policies towards women, youth, and the unemployed.
Controlling Germany: terror, propaganda, and culture - Role of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Gestapo, and concentration camps.
- Censorship and propaganda: Goebbels and the media.
Life in Nazi Germany - Volksgemeinschaft ‘People’s Community’
- Nazi policies towards women: roles, rewards, and restrictions – how this changed over time.
- Education and indoctrination of youth.
- Impact of rearmament and public works.
Persecution of the Jews and other minorities - Early persecution of Jews and other minority groups and linkages to pogroms in Europe in previous decades.
- Nuremberg Laws (1935) and Kristallnacht (1938).
- Holocaust (see World War Two).
Opposition and resistance to the Nazis - Youth opposition: Edelweiss Pirates and Swing Youth.
- Church opposition: Martin Niemöller and the Confessing Church.
- Army and conservative resistance: July Bomb Plot (1944).
- Limits and risks of opposition in a totalitarian state.
Hitler’s Foreign Policy and the road to war - Hitler’s main aims: Reverse the Treaty of Versailles, unilateral German speaking people into one country, Lebensraum (living space).
- Key events leading to outbreak of war: remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Anschluss, Appeasement and the Munich Agreement, Nazi Soviet Pact.
| For example, consider: - the historical significance of Gallipoli for the ANZACs
- the ways society transformed to enable ‘Total War’
- the different explanations given by historians of why soldiers volunteered to fight in World War One
- the sources we can use to understand the experience of different soldiers in World War One
- the consequences of World War One on New Zealand.
- Evaluating differing historians' interpretations of Gallipoli and ANZAC day, including the view that:
- the Gallipoli landings and the ANZAC legend were the moment New Zealanders forged a unique national identity separate from Britain
- ANZAC Day was largely a retrospective myth shaped by political and imperial agendas to bolster loyalty and social cohesion
| For example, consider: - the causes and consequences of these events
- how and why democracy collapsed in Germany and what the consequences were for the German people.
- what the impact was of the Great Depression on international relations
- how Hitler created a totalitarian state
- how the role of women changed in Nazi society
- consider change and continuity in these events
- the different interpretations historians reach of these events:
- how persuasive the case is, made by historians, who argue that Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor in 1933 was engineered by elites and back-room deals. Versus those who maintain it reflected genuine mass support for the Nazi Party amid Weimar’s party-system breakdown.
- the use of evidence to make historical claims about these events
- how historians assess the reliability of official Nazi transcripts of the Reichstag Fire trial versus eyewitness accounts and communist statements
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| CHANGE IN NEW ZEALAND 1920s-2000 - Consequences of the Great Depression on employment, housing, and family welfare.
- 1935 Labour Government and the development of social security and state support.
- 1938 Social Security Act — ‘cradle to the grave’.
- Michael Joseph Savage (Prime Minister 1935–1940) was New Zealand’s first Labour Prime Minister, known for introducing the welfare state and leading the country into World War Two.
- Role of trade unions, early feminism, and progressive reform movements.
- 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake and its influence on national planning and resilience.
How New Zealand moved from colony to nationhood - Constitutional shift from Dominion status to full sovereignty.
- 1947 Statute of Westminster and 1986 Constitution Act.
- Growth of a distinct national identity beyond Britain.
New Zealand post-1945 (WWII is covered in depth in Year 10) - ANZAC memory, commemoration, and its role in shaping national identity.
- Changing roles for women and broader social consequences of the war.
- Steep decline in infant mortality driven by improvements in public health, sanitation, vaccination, and maternity care.
- Post-war diplomacy and New Zealand’s contribution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Peter Fraser (Prime Minister 1940–1949) strengthened New Zealand’s international role, helped establish the United Nations, and advanced Māori welfare and education.
- Emergence of international responsibility and peacekeeping identity.
Protest and social change - Māori language revival, land rights activism (e.g. Land March, Raglan Golf Course protests, and Bastion Point occupation). Urban protest movements (e.g. Ngā Tamatoa, Haka Party Incident, and Foreshore and Seabed Hikoi).
- Māori migration to cities and its consequences, including adaptations to sustain culture and identity.
- Second-wave feminism, gender equality, and workplace rights. Equal Pay Act (1972), abortion law reform efforts, and the establishment of the Ministry for Women (1985).
- Environmental campaigns, including Save Manapouri, and founding of the Values Party. The Values Party (1972) was considered the world’s first national-level environmentalist party.
- Migration from Polynesia to New Zealand in the 1950s–1970s, settlement in urban areas, changing social conditions, and increased immigration enforcement during the 1970s economic downturn, including the Dawn Raids and Operation Pot Black.
- Treaty settlements, including the formation of the Waitangi Tribunal.
- Anti-apartheid protest and national division during the 1981 Springbok Tour. The 1981 Springbok Tour sparked nationwide protests against South Africa’s apartheid regime. It exposed deep divisions in New Zealand society and marked a turning point in the country’s stance on human rights and race relations.
- In 1985, French agents bombed Greenpeace’s ship in Auckland Harbour, killing a crew member. The attack outraged New Zealanders and strengthened the country’s Nuclear Free stance and independent foreign policy.
- Intermarriage and exchange across ethnic, social, and religious boundaries within modern New Zealand society.
- Legal and some social acceptance of same-sex relationships in New Zealand: decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1986, civil unions in 2005, the legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2013, and recognition of gender diversity.
Economic change and global trade - Expansion of refrigerated exports (which had begun in the 1880s) and their role in shaping pastoral farming and infrastructure.
- Economic dependence on Britain and the consequences of EEC entry in 1973.
- ‘Think big’ projects were implemented in the late 1970s and early 1980s to reduce dependence on imported oil and stimulate economic growth through state-led investment.
- Robert Muldoon (Prime Minister 1975–1984) is known for his bold economic interventions such as ‘Think Big’ projects.
- Diversification of trade toward Asia and the Pacific from the late 20th century.
- Shift toward trade liberalisation and global market integration post 1984.
- David Lange (Prime Minister 1984–1989) declared New Zealand nuclear free and led major economic reforms (Rogernomics).
| WORLD WAR TWO AND NEW ZEALAND’S ROLE 1939–1945 Outbreak of war - German invasion of Poland (1939).
- Declaration of war on Germany by New Zealand in solidarity with Britain on 3 September 1939.
- Make up of Allied and Axis Alliances.
New Zealand participation in World War Two - Introduction of conscription in June 1940 for men aged 20–40 alongside volunteer enlistment.
- Māori, including the distinguished 28th (Māori) Battalion. Motivational factors for Māori service; ‘price of citizenship’, adventure, and economic opportunity.
- Charles Upham is a symbol of courage and humility. He was the only combat soldier to receive the Victoria Cross twice, for extraordinary bravery in World War Two.
- Nancy Wake (1912–2011) was the Allies’ most decorated servicewoman of World War Two and the Gestapo’s most wanted person. Code named ‘the white mouse’ because of her ability to elude capture.
- Āpirana Ngata (1874–1950) was a visionary Māori leader and politician who promoted land reform, Māori education, and cultural preservation. He wrote ‘the Price of Citizenship’ in 1943. Featured on the New Zealand $50 note.
New Zealanders at war overseas: Europe, North Africa, and Italy - Deployment of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) across three echelons — Britain (1940), Greece and Crete (1941), North Africa and Italy (1940–45) — including 28th Māori Battalion’s campaigns in Greece, Crete, North Africa, and Italy.
- Contributions of the RNZAF in European skies and the RNZN at sea, plus medical and support services.
Turning points of World War Two - Blitzkrieg tactics and early Axis victories (Poland, France, the Low Countries).
- Key turning points: Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa, El Alamein, Pearl Harbor, Stalingrad, D-Day.
The Pacific War and Allied forces on New Zealand soil - Declaration of war on Japan following Pearl Harbour (December 1941) and defensive preparations in the South Pacific.
- Coastal defence measures against Japanese submarines and raiders near New Zealand shores.
- Arrival and billeting of up to 45,000 US troops in New Zealand between 1942 and 1944.
- Realignment of New Zealand foreign policy towards defence and the southern parts of the Pacific region.
Life on the home front - Implementation of rationing for food, clothing, fuel, and rubber, alongside public campaigns promoting frugality and resourcefulness (e.g. victory gardens and scrap-metal drives).
- Formation of the Women’s Land Army, WRNZAF, WAAC, WRNZNS, and WAAF roles for women in military and factory work.
- Creation of the Māori War Effort Organisation (1942–1945).
- Reorientation of industry to munitions, uniforms, naval repairs, and shipbuilding.
- Community solidarity through fundraising concerts, Red Cross fairs, school drills, and war bond campaigns.
The Holocaust - Origins of Nazi antisemitism.
- Escalation: Kristallnacht (1938), ghettos, emigration, and mass shootings in Eastern Europe.
- The ‘Final Solution’: Extermination camps (e.g. Auschwitz, Treblinka).
- Victims, resistance, and liberation; legacy and remembrance.
End of World War Two - Allied victory: collapse of Nazi Germany (1945) and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- Consequences of World War Two for New Zealand, including resettlement of refugees.
| For example, consider: - how New Zealand changed and stayed the same during the 20th century, and who shaped that change
- the consequences of World War Two on New Zealand society
- the kinds of sources, government unemployment statistics, relief-camp diaries and newspaper reports, best reveal how ordinary New Zealanders experienced the Depression of the 1930s
- how sources (Waitangi Tribunal submissions, oral-history interviews with protest participants, or contemporary television news coverage) offer different insights into the goals, strategies, and community impact of the Māori land-rights protests of the 1970s–80s
| For example, consider: - why New Zealand joined the war in 1939
- the consequences of World War Two on New Zealand
- the factors which explain why the war ended
- how evidence from a range of sources provides reasons for why Māori joined the war e.g. a soldier’s diary entry, a battalion group photo, or an interview with a veteran’s grandchild
- the importance of women’s contribution to the home front
- the importance of each key turning point to the course of the war
- why the Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa, Pearl Harbor, Stalingrad, and D-Day were turning points in World War Two.
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