An agreement between countries, groups, or people to work together for mutual benefit. 

In New Zealand, a bicultural society is one in which tangata whenua and tangata Tiriti live, work, and make decisions together, with respect for each other’s ways. 

Biculturalism in New Zealand is based on the partnership between Māori and the Crown established by te Tiriti o Waitangi | the Treaty of Waitangi. 

A historical concept describing the relationships between historical events or actions, with some events or factors leading to others. Historians analyse different types of causes (e.g. long-term, short-term, direct, indirect) to explain why past events occurred. Many historical events have multiple causes and consequences. 

Ways in which things are usually done. For example, geographic conventions for presenting data and information help communicate findings in ways that others can understand. 

The authority of the monarch and the institutions that act in their name, such as the government, courts, and public services.  

In History, the Crown often held direct power over land, law, and people. In modern constitutional monarchies like the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the Crown represents the state and its legal authority, even though the monarch’s role is mostly symbolic. 

The behaviours, worldviews, knowledge, practices, norms, and traditions that are held by a group of people and developed over time. 

A ruling family that passes power from generation to generation. In history, dynasties are often used to divide time into different eras based on which family was in power. 

A particular geographic area within te taiao that has its own characteristics. For example, an awa, local public space, or orchard. 

Information, facts, or data used to support a claim, argument, or conclusion. 

In History, evidence includes specific historical detail, such as names (of people, places, or events), dates, statistics, figures, and short quotes. Evidence is often gathered through examining and interpreting historical sources. 

Geographic evidence refers to information or data that supports a claim or conclusion about a geographic phenomenon, pattern, or process. 

Tools used to assist organisations to use financial data for decision-making and financial management. For example, a price/feature comparison chart, budget, or cost–benefit analysis. 

Large extended whānau groups or sub-tribes that are part of a larger iwi in Māori society. 

Stories about, or accounts of, events, places, identities, and periods of time. Narratives are constructed from drawing together evidence from sources. They are constructed from the personal perspectives, ideologies, and worldviews of certain individuals, often those who wield power and authority. 

The importance, durability, and relevance of events, places, and issues in the past. Historians debate what is historically significant, and interpretations of significance may change. 

The main law-making body of New Zealand. It is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected by the public. 

A set of characteristics that define an individual person or group of people, making them recognisable and distinct. An identity may be personal, local, or national. The characteristics of an identity may be shaped by sociocultural factors such as politics, gender, race, sexuality, culture, and the events and narratives that surround these. 

A set of ideas, ideals, and beliefs that are shared by the members of a social group, or that form the basis of a political or economic system, and can become a historical force that influences people and place. 

Describes groups or individuals that have a historical continuity with a place, pre-dating colonial societies. Indigenous peoples have a strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources. Indigenous peoples sustain and practise unique cultures and ways of knowing, doing, and being. They maintain social, cultural, economic, and political characteristics that are distinct from other groups of society. 

The largest group in Māori society, iwi are tribes made up of hapū with shared whakapapa. 

Guardianship, stewardship for living things and resources. 

In Geography, this may include an understanding of relevant statutory, legislative, commercial, and financial obligations and requirements and the identification, mitigation, and management of opportunities and/or risks. 

In History, we might use this term to refer to the skills and knowledge needed to protect and enhance taonga and other resources. Kaitiakitanga covers, but is not limited to, sustainability of the environment, protection of water, establishment of heritage sites, and boundaries of wāhi tapu, mahinga kai, and rohe. 

The protocols and procedures that guide respectful conduct, particularly in the context of marae and the sharing of history and cultural knowledge. It encompasses the way people speak, listen, and respond, ensuring that interactions are conducted with dignity, even when perspectives or practices differ. 

There are various forms of kawa, including tū atu, tū mai, pāeke, and tāutuutu. Each kawa is unique and reflects the traditions of a specific iwi or marae. These practices are deeply rooted in generational knowledge and are upheld to maintain cultural integrity and respect. 

The authority, influence, and status of a person, place, or object. Mana gives a person the authority to lead, organise, and regulate activities, as well as make decisions. 

In the past, the assertion or taking of mana was always a motivation for the actions of Māori. Mana is a concept which underpins the study of History in New Zealand, the wider Pacific, and beyond. It is a driving force behind many historical events. 

A Māori term referring to self-determination; mana through Māori asserting the right to govern themselves. 

In Geography, a ‘pattern’ refers to the arrangement or distribution of an object, process, people, or event across space or time. 

The position from which a person or group understands and makes sense of the world, shaped by their values and beliefs. 

A particular geographic area within te taiao that has different meanings for people due to individual perceptions and experiences of it. Place can be local, regional, national, or global. 

An organisation’s reason for being. Pūtake is shaped by the organisation’s values and beliefs. 

Traditional or historical stories. 

The stance of a tribe or people in regard to their independent authority to manage their own affairs according to their own customs. 

In History, ‘rangatiratanga’ refers to the ability to lead through decision-making and self-determination and/or the right to exercise authority and self-determination within one’s own iwi or hapū realm. 

A defined, bounded area. 

Having particular relevance or importance in the given context. 

There are different kinds of sources.  

A primary source is first-hand information of an event, issue, or narrative, transmitted orally, visually, or in a written form.  

A secondary source is oral, visual, or written information based on the interpretation of primary sources. 

Having the highest power or being completely independent. 

Tools used to show spatial patterns or locations. Examples include Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other mapping tools. 

A political term that means ‘people of the Treaty’, non-Māori who live in New Zealand under the rights and responsibilities established by te Tiriti o Waitangi | the Treaty of Waitangi. 

Māori as the Indigenous people of New Zealand, people of the land. Refers to a group of people who, through whakapapa, have a long association to a particular place and are recognised by others as having authority over and responsibility for a specific area. 

A treasured artefact or anything of great social or cultural value. Taonga may be physical objects, natural resources, or intangible (e.g. cultural or spiritual). 

Te reo Māori term referring to the sea. 

The founding documents of New Zealand, signed in 1840 between representatives of the British Crown and more than 500 Māori rangatira. 

The system of values and practices that have developed over time and are deeply embedded in traditional and social context; the correct way of doing things. 

A landmark that is one’s own place of standing and belonging through kinship and whakapapa. 

In History, this concept articulates the historical significance of places to tangata whenua and can determine a place’s significance to mana whenua. 

Deeply held beliefs that influence the way people think, feel, and act. 

Genealogy, lineage; a framework that details genealogy and maps interrelationships between all things.