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| SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TREATY OF WAITANGI | TE TIRITI O WAITANGI - The Treaty of Waitangi | te Tiriti o Waitangi is important as New Zealand’s founding agreement between the British Crown and Māori rangatira (chiefs).
- The Treaty of Waitangi | te Tiriti o Waitangi was first signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands.
- The Treaty of Waitangi | te Tiriti o Waitangi has ongoing significance as a symbol of mutual respect, shared heritage, and commitment to working together.
- There are two documents: the Treaty of Waitangi in English and te Tiriti o Waitangi in te reo Māori.
- James Busby acted as the British Resident in New Zealand from 1833. He played a role in developing the first New Zealand flag in 1834 (United Tribes flag) and helped to facilitate the drafting of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.
- William Hobson was the first Governor of New Zealand. He proposed a treaty with Māori to establish British sovereignty.
- Henry Williams translated the Treaty of Waitangi into te reo Māori with his son Edward and explained it to Māori chiefs. As the leader of the Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, he contributed to the spread of Christianity among Māori and expanded colonial settlement. He also attempted to prevent hostilities at Kororāreka in 1845.
- Hōne Heke was the first Māori chief to sign the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Later, he led Māori resistance against British colonial authority over Treaty breaches and to protect rangatiratanga. He ordered the cutting of the British flagstaff at Kororāreka four times between 1844 and 1845, sparking the Northern War.
| NATURAL EVENTS OF HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN NEW ZEALAND Mt Tarawera - Pink and White Terraces.
- Promotion of New Zealand landscapes to Victorian travellers. An early site of tourism.
- The eruption (1886) and impacts:
- Lasted six hours and caused massive destruction.
- Destroyed a number of villages and buried the Pink and White Terraces.
- Devastating impact through loss of life; loss of landscape. Impact on the livelihoods of Māori — guiding and tourism.
- Interpretations of the events at the time: phantom canoe, Sophia Hinerangi, Tuhoto Ariki.
- Subsequent development (1931) of Buried Village of Te Wairoa as a tourist attraction and archaeological site.
A case study building on Year 5 Geography Teachers choose one of the following as a case study with a focus on recovery and regeneration: - Hawke’s Bay earthquake (1931)
- Tangiwai Disaster (1953)
- Cyclone Giselle (1968)
- Southland Floods (1984)
- Cyclone Bola (1988)
- Canterbury earthquake (2011)
- West Coast Floods (2022)
Newspaper articles, first-hand accounts, and photographic evidence can enrich this study. | NEW ZEALAND TO 1840 Impact, including Māori response, of early European contact on: Trade and settlement - Sealing and whaling (from the 1790s, port towns and trading posts, Māori–Pākehā individuals like Barnet Burns).
- Māori provision of timber, flax, and food in exchange for muskets, iron goods, and blankets.
- Impact of new diseases (measles, influenza) on Māori population.
Missionaries, literacy, and cultural exchange - Arrival of Christian missionaries: provision of European farming tools, healthcare, and schooling.
- Establishment of a te reo Māori press, distribution of translations, and rapid growth of literacy.
- Māori adaptation of Christian ideas alongside traditional Indigenous spiritual practices.
Land ownership and sovereignty - Petitions to King William IV and other Crown appeals by rangatira seeking protection, redress, or recognition.
- 1835 Declaration of Independence | He Whakaputanga signed by rangatira.
- Early land-purchase deeds (New Zealand Company), contrasting Māori concepts of use, tūrangawaewae, and mana versus the Crown’s notion of permanent sale.
The Musket Wars - Musket Wars (c.1810s–1830s): causes, major campaigns, and consequences for population movements and tribal boundaries. Hongi Hika’s role.
Moriori - The expression of mana through Nunuku’s Law and the renunciation of violence even in the face of great external challenges (the arrival of Europeans from the 1790s and of Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Mutunga from 1835).
| For example, consider: - examples of different ways that people commemorate Waitangi Day across New Zealand
- why the Treaty of Waitangi | te Tiriti o Waitangi is important to public life in New Zealand today
- how information can be collected about the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi | te Tiriti o Waitangi
| For example, consider: - how Māori social, economic, and cultural practices changed following the Tarawera eruption
- the consequences on trade and settlement
- the changes to population and environments over the period
- how legislation and town planning evolved followed natural events
- how sources such as newspaper articles, first-hand accounts, and photographic evidence can be used to reconstruct historical narratives
- how historical documents and artefacts can be studied to understand how and why societies and events change over time
| For example, consider: - how Māori social, economic, and cultural practices changed with the arrival of European settlers
- the consequences of European arrival on trade and settlement
- the causes of the Musket Wars
- the consequences of missionaries, literacy, and cultural exchange on Māori society
- the changes to population and environments over the period
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| ANCIENT GREECE C.800 BCE–323 BCE Where and when - Location and geographical features of Ancient Greek city states.
- Timeline of key periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic.
Government and society: Athens and other city states - How society was structured, including role of women and slaves and daily life.
- What the role of government was, with a focus on democracy and empire.
- How Sparta and Corinth were different from Athens (as city states)
Religious beliefs and culture - The importance of religion: gods, temples, and festivals (Olympics, Dionysia).
- Development of philosophy and importance of philosophers including: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
- The importance of Art, architecture, literature, and drama (tragedy and comedy).
Military and warfare - Importance of hoplites.
- Significance of key battles in the Persian Wars (Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis).
- The Peloponnesian War: causes and effect on Greek unity and identity.
Greek legacies - Contributions to government, philosophy, science, architecture.
| DYNASTIES IN ANCIENT AND IMPERIAL CHINA, C.2100–1912 CE Shang Dynasty Where and when? - Yellow River valley (northern China).
- About 1600–1046 BCE.
- Bronze Age.
Farming - Flood control and millet/rice paddy fields — building ditches and fields held back floods. Creation of reliable agricultural surpluses for towns.
Power and rulers (government) - Hereditary kings directed religious rituals although not considered divine. Made law, raised taxes, led armies. Leaders in regions helped the king govern.
People and daily life - Social hierarchy: king → priests → warriors → artisans → farmers → slaves.
- Timber houses on raised earth platforms — homes built up high stayed dry in floods and kept people safe. Clan-based villages.
Trade - Used cowrie shells as currency; traded bronze, jade, and silk were traded across long distances on the silk road.
Religious beliefs and practices - Ancestor worship and bronze ding vessels.
- Oracle-bone inscriptions.
Writing and other inventions - Bronze casting.
- Chariots with spoked wheels and yokes Silk weaving and hemp textiles.
| COMPARATIVE STUDY: THE ELIZABETHAN AND VICTORIAN AGES The Elizabethan age Life for different groups in society - Nobility and gentry, merchants, farmers, labourers, and beggars and destitute. Role of women.
- Children: education mostly for boys of higher status; many worked from young age. Around 30% of boys and 10% of girls learnt to read.
Monarch’s power versus power of Parliament or the people - Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603.
- Government: The monarch seen as the main ruler, an ‘absolute monarch’, with ‘government’ meaning the queen and her officials.
- Parliament as a group of powerful men who helped make laws and grant taxes and did not represent ordinary people. Parliament’s limited power to challenge the queen. Most people had no say in choosing its members.
Religion - Protestant religious rules and practices. How they were enforced across England and the treatment of people who continued to follow Catholic beliefs.
Trade and exploration and changes in buildings, technology, or inventions and culture - Growth of exploration and overseas ventures and privateering, including links with the Americas and Africa.
- Invention of the printing press in 1485. Growth of printing. Influence of Renaissance and works of William Shakespeare.
The Victorian age Life for different groups in British society - Features of upper, middle, and working classes and underclass of destitute. Role of women.
- Children: some worked in harsh conditions; access to schooling improved. By the end of Victoria’s reign, nearly the entire population could read and write.
- Steady rise in average wages across the population during Queen Victoria’s reign, with more jobs and greater availability of everyday goods in shops (e.g. soap, matches, clothes, newspapers, toys).
Monarch’s power versus power of Parliament or the people - Queen Victoria was monarch of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901.
- Queen Victoria did not have a role in daily decisions of government. Limited political power in a constitutional monarchy, with decisions made by elected government.
- Government as prime minister and cabinet now drawn from the majority grouping of members of Parliament (MPs) in Parliament. Parliament still made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons.
- Expanding voting rights, although working-class people remained excluded for much of the reign. No women could vote.
Religion - Largely Christian society with emergence of scientific challenge (e.g. Darwin’s theory of evolution).
Trade and exploration and changes in buildings, technology, and inventions - Expansion of global empire and trade networks, with links to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, including New Zealand.
- Technological innovation, such as the telegraph, photography, gas lighting, and public sanitation systems. Rapid industrialisation.
| For example, consider: - what Athens and other Greek city states had in common
- similarities and differences in the role played by religion in society between the two periods
- the sources we use to find out about Ancient Greece and why it is sometimes difficult to be certain about how people lived at the time
- how the Ancient Greek civilisation was similar to and different from the Egyptian civilisation
- the historical significance of Ancient Greece in shaping the modern world
| For example, consider: - the differences between the different dynasties
- the sources we can use to find out about the Chinese religious beliefs and their societal impact
- the differences between the dynastic rule and other societal structures
- the societal impact of the Silk Road
- the historical significance of dynastic China in shaping the modern world
| For example, consider: - the similarities and differences in the monarch’s power versus the power of Parliament and the people between the two periods
- how life varied for different groups in Elizabethan and Victorian society
- the different types of trade and extent of exploration between the two periods
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| ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Where and when? - Rome and its Empire: extent over time, including in Britain.
Government and society: The Roman Republic: - Structure of Roman society.
- What is meant by a republic and how power was held and exercised in the Roman Republic.
- Roman laws.
- Roman army: training, armour, legions, what made them strong.
Roman emperors and how they ruled the Roman Empire - Why Rome stopped being a republic.
- How rule by an emperor was different from rule by Senate in the Republic.
Roman religion - Roman gods and goddesses.
- Festivals and temples (e.g. Saturnalia).
Roads, cities, and everyday life - Roman roads, baths, aqueducts, temples, forums.
- Clothing, food, entertainment (gladiators, theatre).
- The role of slaves in Roman society.
| | | For example, consider: - the differences between monarchical rule (e.g. Egyptian Pharaohs or Roman kings) and the Roman Republic
- the reasons why the Roman Republic ended
- the similarities and differences between Roman religion and beliefs in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece
- the sources we can use to find out about Romans’ religious beliefs
- the historical significance of the Roman Empire in shaping the modern world.
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