| LOCATION AT DIFFERENT SCALES Global and national location - Global location of New Zealand.
- New Zealand’s two main islands are the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu).
- Stewart Island (Rakiura) is sometimes considered the third main island and is located south of the South Island.
Landscape features - Major physical features of New Zealand (Lake Taupō, Aoraki/Mt Cook, Waikato River, Mt Taranaki, Clutha River, Southern Alps, three main islands).
- Settlements provide people with somewhere to live as well as services such as shops, schools, doctors, and places of worship.
Regional and local location - Location of their own area in relation to nearby features (e.g. maunga, awa).
Spatial tools and language - Maps are drawn to display a vast array of things like the classroom, playground, finding treasure, and where to find New Zealand in the world.
- Maps use keys, symbols, and colours to recognise land and ocean features.
- Maps use the four main points of the compass (north, south, east, west), which are similar to instructions to go forwards, backwards, left, and right.
| SETTLEMENTS Types of settlements - Settlements are places for living and accessing services such as shops, schools, marae, doctors, and places of worship.
- Rural settlements are small communities with limited services.
- Towns are larger urban areas where most needs are met locally.
- Cities are very large settlements with a wide range of services.
Capital cities - A capital city is the location of a central government.
- Wellington is the capital city of New Zealand.
Human activity at the coast - Numerous coastal towns across New Zealand.
- Human features such as sailboats, fishing boats, ports, harbours, and tourists and industries such as fishing and tourism.
- Coastal landforms change through erosion and deposition, forming features like beaches and sand dunes.
- Coastal environments affect how settlements are developed and operate
| OCEANIA AND OCEAN ENVIRONMENTS Locations and environments - Oceania is a region including New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the wider Pacific Islands.
- Diverse environments across Oceania, such as glaciers in New Zealand, deserts in central Australia, and tropical forests in Papua New Guinea.
- The sea is an important part of life for many people in Oceania.
- Surrounding seas and oceans (Tasman Sea, Pacific Ocean/Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa).
- Names of continents and oceans.
Indigenous cultures - Cultural and geographic regions of the Pacific: Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia.
- Distinct cultures of Indigenous peoples in New Zealand, Australia, and Papua New Guinea.
Regional connections - Exchange of people, goods, and ideas across Oceania.
Coastline and physical features - Coastline is the point where land meets the sea.
- Coastal physical features such as islands, coral reefs, beaches, headlands, bays, harbours, cliffs, and estuaries.
- New Zealand’s coastline is over 15,000 km, ranking as the 10th longest in the world.
Coastal environments and wildlife - Coastal habitats supporting birds and animals adapted to life near the sea.
- Pollution from plastic, sewage, and oil affecting ocean environments.
- Coastal and ocean environments differ across Oceania.
Māori connections to the coast - Te moana is a place of cultural identity for Māori.
- Role of Māori as kaitiaki (guardians) of the sea and mātaitai (seafood resources).
- Kaitiakitanga as a guiding concept for coastal protection.
| - using a map or globe to find New Zealand
- using simple keys, symbols, or colours to recognise land and ocean features
- using simple symbols and keys to create simple maps
- using simple maps of the immediate surroundings to identify features of their school and playground and talk about why they are important
- providing own location relative to other nearby features
| - communicating where their home is and showing the location and route in relation to their school or a significant place in their community
- interpreting maps to identify simple services in settlements of different sizes
- interpreting aerial photographs to identify simple characteristics of different settlements
- using data from a map or in person on the services available in the local area
- locating nearby islands and bodies of water that surround New Zealand on a map
- locating New Zealand on a map in relation to other countries
- using a map to locate capital cities around the world
| - identifying the seas and oceans around New Zealand
- interpreting maps of the Oceania region to identify countries and ecosystems
- communicating ideas about the diverse cultures of people in Oceania
- using flow maps to communicate how goods are exchanged around Oceania
- identifying physical features in photographs and satellite images
- identifying human-made features in photographs and satellite images
- interpreting information on the causes of water pollution
- explaining how water pollution affects coastal habitats
- explaining how people use the coast in different ways
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| DESCRIBING PLACES Physical and human features - Physical features can be described in geographical terms such as hills, mountains, rivers, streams, grassland, forests, beaches, glaciers, and lakes.
- Human features such as villages, towns, cities, offices, factories, farms, and marae.
- Urban areas are built-up places and rural areas are countryside locations.
Perspectives on place - Reasons people can feel a deep connection to the land where they live.
- Many of the names of geographical features, towns, buildings, streets, and places tell stories. Sometimes there is more than one story.
- Pūrākau are stories used to name geographic features and express Māori ancestral connections.
- Stories and other observations from people in students’ families and communities tell them about their local area, its history, and how people use it.
Global variation in landscapes - Differences in appearance of places around the world, such as deserts and tropical rainforests, similar to temperate rainforests in New Zealand.
| WEATHER FEATURES AND LOCAL WEATHER HAZARDS Weather conditions - Weather words such as ‘sun’, ‘cloud’, ‘rain’, ‘hail’, ‘sleet’, ‘snow’, ‘hot’, and ‘cold’.
- Seasonal changes in temperature and sunlight during the year.
- Names of seasons and typical weather patterns.
Weather variation - Differences in weather across New Zealand.
- Colder temperatures at higher altitudes such as mountain tops.
- Variation in rainfall between different places.
Weather processes - Movement of rainwater across land or into the ground.
- Heavy rainfall causing surface runoff and river overflow.
- Flooding can occur due to water exceeding riverbanks.
Weather hazards - Floods cause damage to homes, businesses, and farms.
- Snow and ice create slippery surfaces and driving risks.
- Hot weather causes sunburn and heat stroke.
- Personal planning for travel and clothing choices.
- Organisational planning using flood barriers and road grit.
| FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE Latitude and climate zones - Lines of latitude are horizontal lines measuring distance from the equator.
- The equator is the dividing line between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Local climate factors - Height above sea level and distance from the ocean are factors affecting temperature.
- Seasonal changes are caused by the tilt of the Southern Hemisphere towards the sun in December and away in June (reversed seasons in the Northern Hemisphere).
Types of rainfall - Convection rainfall from rising warm air and condensation during hot conditions.
- Frontal rainfall from warm, moist air meeting cold air and rising.
- Relief rainfall from moist air rising over mountains and cooling.
| - using simple geographical terms to describe the local landscape
- collecting observations of the local area’s geography
- communicating ideas about:
- the landscapes of places across New Zealand (e.g. Southern Alps, temperate rainforests, the coastline)
- how places are similar and different
- locations that contrast with New Zealand (e.g. the Australian Outback, tropical forests of South Asia)
| - communicating ideas about how weather changes throughout the year
- interpreting weather symbols
| - using lines of longitude and latitude to locate places on a map
- collecting data on the amount of rainfall and temperature in the local area
- drawing diagrams to show the different causes of precipitation
- explaining how seasons change
- explaining the patterns of rainfall in New Zealand
- recording rainfall data in a bar graph, with correct geographic conventions (title, labels, plotting of data)
- recording temperature data in line graphs
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