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Movement skills
(Invasion games)
| Invasion games (e.g. hockey) - Accurate passing techniques require proper follow through and control and identifying strengths and areas for improvement helps refine skill execution.
- A cool down is important for physiological recovery, including gradual heart rate reduction, oxygen delivery, and prevention of blood pooling.
- Antagonistic muscle pairs (e.g. quadriceps and hamstrings) work together during stretching, with one muscle lengthening while the other shortens.
- Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic activity, especially during high-intensity efforts.
- Interval training improves speed endurance and is specific to sports like hockey.
| Invasion games (e.g. hockey) - Advanced outfield skills (e.g. hit to cross/shoot), offensive and defensive tactics (e.g. short corner strategies), and set plays require specific terminology, technique, and body positioning.
- Full rules, umpiring signals, and conventions are essential for fair play and officiating.
- Training methods (e.g. HIIT, plyometrics) improve hockey-specific fitness components such as power, agility, and endurance, with attention to safety, intensity, and individual needs.
- Overload and intensity in training can be measured using heart rate, bpm, and rate of perceived exertion, and are linked to physiological improvements.
- Data collection (e.g. passes completed, shots on target) and analysis support self and team evaluation, goal setting, and coaching decisions.
- Psychological preparation (e.g. mental rehearsal) and a full warm-up (pulse raiser, dynamic stretches, skill rehearsal) are important for performance and injury prevention.
| Invasion games (e.g. hockey) - Using powerful passing techniques accurately, including push pass and slap pass
- Using basic hand grips on the stick and performing partner passing drills that use top and bottom hand techniques
- Catching across the body and passing with both hands
- Dribbling using open stick and reverse stick techniques
- Performing tackling techniques such as block and jab tackles and applying footwork, positioning, and reaction time in blocking drills
- Executing long corners and crossing the ball effectively
- Using the hit technique for power and accuracy
- Applying defensive strategies such as marking, tracking, and jockeying
- Applying game rules including feet, sideline ball, self-pass, shooting within the D and self-pass restarts
- Creating and exploiting space by limiting the size of the field
- Completing cool down activities including pulse reducing movements and static stretching
- Completing pyramid interval training sessions to build speed endurance
- Participating in agility-based circuit sessions, using equipment and drills such as agility ladders, Illinois runs with stick and ball, and T drill runs
| Invasion games (e.g. hockey) - Using advanced outfield skills such as switching play, channelling, short corners, zoning vs man-to-man marking and applying them accurately in game situations
- Applying advanced offensive and defensive tactics and set plays, using correct terminology and decision-making in game situations
- Officiating games using full rules and hand signals and participating as umpire, coach, or player
- Implementing and reflecting on training methods, monitoring intensity and applying overload principles for improvement
- Collecting and interpreting quantitative data from gameplay to analyse strengths and limitations and inform team strategies
- Preparing for participation with a complete warm-up and psychological techniques and adapting training and gameplay based on data and feedback
- Adapting training and gameplay based on performance data and peer or coach feedback, identifying areas for improvement and applying targeted solutions
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| Physical activity/sport (select a sport not previously covered) - Sports and activities require clear and accurate application of rules, strategies, and tactics for both participation and officiating.
- A complete warm-up includes a pulse raiser and both static and dynamic stretching and is important for physical and mental preparation.
- Nutrition and psychological techniques support readiness and performance.
- Physiological changes (e.g. heart rate, muscle use) depend on activity intensity and type, and can be analysed to identify strengths, limitations, and set goals.
- Bones, muscles, and fitness components (e.g. cardiovascular and muscular endurance) are developed through participation and specific training.
| Physical activity/sport (e.g. football, waka ama) - Advanced application of rules, strategies, and tactics is required for both participation and officiating, including adapting to changing game situations and making tactical decisions under pressure.
- A comprehensive warm-up includes a pulse raiser, dynamic and static stretching, and activity-specific skill rehearsal, and should be adapted for different sports or activities.
- Nutrition and advanced psychological techniques (e.g. visualisation, self-talk, goal setting) are used to optimise performance and recovery.
- Physiological responses (e.g. heart rate, muscle fatigue, recovery time) can be monitored and analysed in real time (e.g. using heart rate monitors, RPE scales, or fitness apps) to inform training adjustments and performance improvement.
- Anatomy and fitness components (e.g. cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, flexibility, power) can be targeted and developed through tailored training programmes, with muscles and bones working together to support movement, strength, and physical performance.
- Regular participation in physical activity and sport supports holistic wellbeing, including physical, mental, and social health, and students can articulate these benefits with specific examples.
| Physical activity/sport (select a sport not previously covered) - Applying rules, strategies, and tactics accurately as both participant and official in a chosen sport or activity
- Completing a full warm-up with a pulse raiser and appropriate stretching
- Using nutrition and psychological techniques to prepare for activity
- Analysing and responding to physiological changes during activity, using data for self-assessment and goal setting
- Developing fitness through specific training methods
- Comparing and contrasting methods of starting and restarting play across different sports
- Applying and refining movement patterns, poses, or skills relevant to the selected activity
| Physical activity/sport (e.g. football, waka ama) - Applying and adapting rules, strategies, and tactics in complex, competitive situations, both as a participant and as an official, demonstrating leadership and fair play
- Designing and leading a full warm-up for a chosen activity, explaining the purpose of each phase and adapting it for group needs
- Planning and implementing nutrition and psychological preparation strategies before, during, and after activity to enhance performance and recovery
- Monitoring and analysing physiological changes to inform self-assessment, goal setting, and training adjustments
- Using and refining fitness components through progressive, sport-specific training methods, and reflecting on their impact on performance
- Comparing, contrasting, and justifying methods of starting and restarting play across a range of sports, considering the impact on tactics and team strategy
- Refining and evaluating movement patterns, skills, or poses relevant to the selected activity, using feedback and self-analysis to improve
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Movement skills
(Net and wall and ki o rahi)
| Personal exercise plan - Quantitative and qualitative data collection can support understanding of improvements and help measure the success of a training programme.
- A personalised exercise programme (PEP) requires understanding the specific physical demands of the activity (e.g. cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, core stability, recovery).
- Heart rate and breathing rate changes during preparation, activity, and recovery and provide useful quantitative data, with specific strengths and limitations.
- Qualitative data such as rate of perceived exertion (RPE), mood scales, and physiological sensations (e.g. tightness, pain, lethargy) offer insight into how the body responds to training.
- Fitness tests (e.g. 60m sprint, vertical jump, Cooper run, sit and reach, Illinois test) require clear protocols and have strengths and limitations depending on the activity.
- The principle of overload involves increasing frequency, intensity, or type of exercise to improve fitness (e.g. increasing exercise time, reducing rest, varying stations).
- Trail running, cross country, and jumping require cardiovascular fitness, lower body strength, agility, and adaptability to terrain and elevation.
| Personal exercise plan - Fitness tests have specific protocols and can reveal strengths and limitations relevant to chosen activities (e.g. football might use 60m sprint, Illinois test, Cooper run, wall sit).
- Muscular endurance and other fitness components can be improved through structured circuit training (e.g. completing multiple rounds of bodyweight exercises like squats and push-ups with minimal rest between stations to build stamina and strength over time).
- Progression, overload, and variety are key principles to reduce tedium and improve performance.
- Baseline data includes both qualitative (e.g. self-assessment) and quantitative (e.g. fitness test results, resting heart rate) measures.
- SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound) targets help set clear achievable goals (e.g. a goal to improve cardiovascular fitness might be to run 1.5km in under 10 minutes three times a week for four weeks).
- SPORT principles (specificity, progression, overload, reversibility, tedium) guide effective training.
- Accurate and reliable data collection is essential for tracking progress.
- Fitness tests can be adapted to make them more sport-specific (e.g. Illinois test with dribbling for football).
- Aerobic capacity and biomechanical efficiency and psychological readiness in cross country running are improved through structured training methods, physiological adaptations, such as increased stroke volume, and mental strategies including goal setting, self-talk, and focus control.
| Personal exercise plan - Monitoring heart rate and breathing rate before, during, and after exercise to collect quantitative data
- Tracking RPE, mode, and physiological sensations before, during, and after exercise to collect qualitative data
- Conducting fitness tests using correct protocols and interpreting results in relation to activity specific demands
- Using the principle of overload through progressive circuit training
- Creating a balanced training plan that includes aerobic conditioning, strength training, flexibility, and rest days tailored to goals and fitness level
- Structuring a running programme that includes hill training, endurance runs, strength conditioning, and recovery strategies to improve trail running and tramping performance
| Personal exercise plan - Completing fitness tests relevant to a chosen activity, following correct protocols
- Participating in a teacher-led circuit training programme, applying progression, overload, and variety
- Selecting and applying training methods that target muscular endurance and other fitness components
- Collecting and interpreting baseline data to identify areas for improvement
- Setting SMART goals based on baseline data
- Undertaking training programmes using varied methods (e.g. circuit training, interval training, plyometrics)
- Applying SPORT principles to adapt and refine training approaches
- Accurately replicating training methods to work towards fitness goals
- Conducting fitness testing and reflecting on progress
- Adapting fitness tests to better suit the sport or activity being trained for
- Implementing pacing, efficient movement techniques, and mental strategies, such as goal setting and focus control, to sustain performance throughout a cross-country course
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| Net and wall (e.g. badminton) - Training methods such as interval training, circuit training, HIIT, and plyometrics contribute to the development of cardiovascular and muscular endurance, with agility circuits enhancing movement efficiency.
- Skill acquisition occurs across isolated drills, modified games, and full game contexts, each supporting progression in control, accuracy, and tactical decision-making.
- Effective court coverage involves spatial strategies including recovery positioning, movement patterns to pressure opponents, and tactical play at the net and backcourt.
- Advanced net and wall techniques include overhead clears, smashes, drop shots, and backhand low serves, each serving distinct tactical purposes within gameplay.
- Strategic manipulation of space and shot placement is central to controlling rallies, creating scoring opportunities, and responding to opponent movement.
| Kī o rahi - Kī o rahi involves fluid role transactions between Taniwha and Kioma, requiring strategic adaption based on game flow, scoring opportunities, and team coordination.
- Pūrākau underpinning kī o rahi informs not only the game’s structure but also its values, encouraging deeper reflection on whakapapa, tikanga, and collective responsibility.
- Agility, anticipation, and zone-specific movement patterns are essential for maintaining positional advantage and responding to dynamic play.
- Ball control includes executing passes under pressure, using feints (pretending to pass or move in one direction, quickly changing or executing a different action) and selecting passing options that align with team strategy and zone objectives.
- Scoring requires tactical decision making, including when to target the tupu or pawero, and how to manipulate space and timing to maximise scoring potential.
- Advanced gameplay involves coordinated defensive systems (e.g. zone marking, intercept setups) and offensive systems (e.g. overloads, switches) to dominate play.
- Nuanced rule application such as contact interpretation, zone transitions, and scoring resets support confident officiating and peer leadership.
| Net and wall (e.g. badminton) - Completing 10–15-minute training blocks using interval, circuit, HIIT, or plyometric methods to improve agility, cardiovascular endurance, and muscular strength
- Using net and wall techniques in isolated drills, modified games, and full game scenarios, showing control, accuracy, and tactical awareness
- Moving efficiently around the court by returning to the base position after each shot, creating space, and using footwork to pressure the opponent at the net and backcourt
- Executing advanced net and wall shots with appropriate technique and tactical intent
- Applying rules accurately while officiating singles and doubles games, including correct scoring, service rotation, and fault identification
- Using shot placement and movement strategies to control rallies, force opponent movement, and create scoring opportunities during gameplay
| Kī o rahi - Transitioning effectively between Taniwha and Kioma roles, adjusting movement and tactics based on game phase and team strategy
- Respecting the cultural origins of kī o rahi by incorporating tikanga into gameplay, team interactions, and game preparation
- Using agile footwork and spatial awareness to maintain positional advantage, evade defenders, and support zone transitions
- Executing precise passes under pressure, using deception and timing to maintain possession and advance team strategy
- Using movement, positioning, and timing to create scoring opportunities by accurately targeting the tupu or placing the ball in the pawero zone
- Applying coordinated defensive and offensive systems, including marking strategies, intercept setups, and attacking combinations
- Officiating games with confidence, applying rules accurately and supporting fair play through peer leadership and decision-making
- Participating in a kī o rahi tournament by applying advanced gameplay skills, demonstrating teamwork and strategic decision-making, and upholding tikanga and fair play throughout competitive play
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| - Outdoor activities can be personally meaningful, helping people to explore challenge and resilience.
- Following low-impact travel principles, managing waste responsibly, staying on designated tracks, and avoiding disturbance to wildlife supports the long-term health and resilience of ecosystems and demonstrates tiakitanga (guardianship).
- Planning and preparation are essential for safe and enjoyable outdoor experiences. They reduce risk, improve group coordination, and ensure participants are equipped to respond to environmental challenges (e.g. weather changes, terrain variability, emergency situations).
- Risk documentation provides a structured format for monitoring and reviewing risks over time and includes key features, such as clearly identifying potential hazards, describing the likelihood and consequences of each risk and outlining strategies to mitigate them.
| - Outdoor education experiences can increase wellbeing and inspire environmental care and a love for adventure and learning.
- Outdoor leadership requires the ability to guide individuals or groups with a focus on safety, responsibility, enjoyment, decision-making, and environmental awareness (e.g. coordinating an adventure-based learning activity, sharing a skill or ngā kōrero tuku iho, knowledge passed down over time).
- Outdoor education experiences promote personal development, encourage environmental stewardship (tiakitanga), and strengthen connections within communities through shared experiences and collaborative learning.
| - Applying sustainable practices during outdoor activities and demonstrating tiakitanga (guardianship) through actions that protect and respect the natural environment
- Effectively plan and prepare for outdoor experiences by assessing risks, coordinating group logistics, and adapting to environmental challenges to ensure safety and success
| - Leading others in outdoor settings by making informed decisions, managing group safety, and fostering responsibility
- Engaging in outdoor education experiences that support personal growth, promote environmental stewardship (tiakitanga), and build meaningful connections within communities
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