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Movement skills
(Balance and movement)
| Balance, strength, and flexibility - Balances can be used as start and finish positions and should be held with control and accuracy.
- Partner balances involve mirroring, matching, counterbalance, and counter tension and require trust, timing and shared control.
- A roll involves controlled movement that requires body awareness.
- Body shapes (e.g. tuck, straddle, star, straight) are used to create variety and expression in balances and rolls.
- A movement sequence includes a combination of balances, rolls, and travel movements.
- Control, fluency, and flexibility are essential for developing sequences that flow smoothly and show clear body shapes.
| | Choregraphed movement (e.g. te ao kori/haka/poi) - Dance uses specific movements (e.g. dynamics — sharp/soft, fast/slow, hard/light) and methods of travel (e.g. direction, speed, levels).
- Expression, gesture, and choreographic devices (e.g. canon, unison, mirroring, matching, contrast) support storytelling.
- Static balance involves holding still, while dynamic balance requires continuous adjustments.
- A stimulus (e.g. music, images, or movement words) can inspire improvised movements sequences.
- Feedback and refinement are important for developing movement techniques.
| Balance, strength, and flexibility - Performing a range of balances, including supported and unsupported, as start and finish positions, holding with control and accuracy
- Working with a partner to demonstrate mirroring, matching, counterbalance, and counter tension, using clear body shapes and shared control
- Executing a variety of rolls, including forward rolls, side rolls, and rocking in a tuck, combining them smoothly with balances and travel movements
- Traveling on, over, across, and through obstacles (e.g. benches, mats), using different movement patterns such as crawling, jumping, and sliding
- Creating and performing a short sequence that includes balances, rolls, and travel, showing increasing control, fluency, and confidence in transitions
- Stretching with movements, such as wide straddles, extended shapes, and smooth transitions, between positions
- Selecting and performing body shapes, such as tuck, straddle star, and straight, within balances and rolls to add variety and expression to a sequence
| | Choregraphed movement (e.g. te ao kori/haka/poi) - Balancing (static and dynamic) in isolation and as part of sequences
- Creating and performing movement patterns, using space and dynamics
- Applying choreographic devices such as canon, unison, mirroring, matching, and smooth transitions
- Improvising in response to music, themes, motifs, or visual stimuli
- Refining movement and performance based on feedback
- Evaluating a performance using specific vocabulary
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Movement skills
(Invasion games)
| Invasion games (e.g. rippa rugby) - Accurate passing and receiving techniques, including ready position, are essential for maintaining possession.
- Players must decide when to pass and when to run based on the game situation.
- Interceptions and movement into space are key strategies for regaining and maintaining possession.
- Basic rules and conventions including passing, change of possession when the ball is dropped or goes out, and safe tagging.
| Invasion games (e.g. netball and basketball) - Key principles of attack include moving the ball forward, dodging, and scoring.
- Key principles of defence include marking, intercepting, and regaining possession.
- Marking involves both first stage (marking the player) and second stage (marking the ball).
- Accurate passing and correct selection of pass type are essential for maintaining possession.
- Shooting requires specific technique and positioning.
- Intercepting involves reading the play and timing movement to disrupt a pass.
- Using space effectively is important for both attacking (creating passing options) and defending (holding space).
- Game play is governed by rules and conventions (e.g. offside, obstruction, footwork, time limits).
| Invasion games (e.g. rippa rugby/touch/turbo touch) - Effective attack in invasion games involves finding space, maintaining possession, and driving towards the try zone or goal.
- Effective defence in invasion games involves marking opposition players and defending as a team by holding shape and maintaining formation.
- A loose ball occurs when attackers drop the ball, creating an opportunity for either team to gain possession.
- A turnover happens when a player gains possession for their team.
- A player is offside and gives away a free pass or penalty if they are in front of a teammate passing the ball after a restart from a tag.
| Invasion games (e.g. rippa rugby) - Passing and receiving the ball with increasing accuracy and speed, using correct technique
- Running, throwing, catching, and changing speed/direction to create and exploit space
- Applying basic attacking and defensive strategies, including scoring, tagging, and intercepting
- Applying game rules and conventions during play (e.g. stopping immediately after being tagged, passing, changing possession if the ball is dropped)
| Invasion games (e.g. netball and basketball) - Passing, dribbling, and moving into space to maintain possession and create scoring opportunities
- Applying attacking and defending strategies in a game, including dodging, marking (both stages), and intercepting
- Shooting using correct technique
- Applying rules and conventions accurately during play and adapting to game situations and positions
- Making decisions, such as when and how to pass, move, or shoot, to support team success
| Invasion games (e.g. rippa rugby/touch/turbo touch) - Playing modified games with basic positions, the application of rules, and game conventions
- Passing accurately while running and using different passing techniques
- Playing tactically and as a team, including:
- retaining possession after turnover
- choosing appropriate passing options
- running to pass or evade an opponent
- timing runs to contribute to effective play or scoring
- communicating with teammates
- supporting players with the ball by moving into space and providing options
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Movement skills
(Fielding, striking, and net and wall games)
| Fielding/striking (e.g. cricket/kilikiti/softball) - There are multiple techniques for sending, receiving, and striking the ball, including catching, throwing, and using different bats (cricket, kilikiti, softball).
- Effective fielding involves techniques like the long barrier, various catching styles (high, skim, close), and stopping with the glove or foot.
- Batting and fielding require coordinated movement, timing, and tactical decision-making for both attack and defence.
- Basic rules and conventions include how to get out (caught, bowled, run out), how to score and how the game is structured.
- Throwing at a target (e.g. stumps or base) requires correct technique, including body weight transfer and aiming.
| Net and wall games (e.g. mini tennis) - A correct base/starting position is essential for effective movement and ball control.
- Reaction time, balance, and speed are key components of fitness that support successful play.
- Game play includes conventions such as scoring, serving, and rallies.
- There are different methods to move the ball across the court (e.g. volley, underarm, overarm).
- There are techniques to control the play, including attacking techniques and defensive techniques.
| Fielding/striking (e.g. cricket/kilikiti) - Technique is important when batting, bowling, and fielding. It supports accuracy, power, and consistency in performance.
- There are different bowling techniques with different ball movements and speed (e.g. standing overarm, wind-up, and run-up deliveries).
- Basic game conventions include innings, overs, and scoring.
- Tactical play includes batting choices and fielding positions.
- Specific fitness components (e.g. running speed and reaction time) enhance performance.
| Fielding/striking (e.g. cricket/kilikiti/softball) - Throwing accurately at targets using correct technique, including stepping through and aiming
- Striking balls consistently using different bats, focusing on grip, stance, back lift, timing, and ball placement
- Fielding by tracking and catching, using long barrier, and stopping the ball using hands, glove, or foot
- Applying rules, conventions, and strategies during gameplay, including scoring runs, identifying outs and making strategic decisions about fielding and throwing
| Net and wall games (e.g. mini tennis) - Standing in a correct base or start position and moving effectively to receive or return the ball
- Serving and passing the ball with control and accuracy
- Feeding and receiving the ball over a net using correct throwing and catching technique
- Sustaining a rally by keeping the ball in play using appropriate passing and movement, with or without a net
- Applying movement and decision-making to win points through coordinated team play
| Fielding/striking (e.g. cricket/kilikiti) - Batting using different techniques (e.g. defensive shots, drives, stepping into underarm pitches)
- Bowling using different techniques (e.g. standing overarm, wind-up, and run-up delivery)
- Fielding using different techniques (e.g. catching, retrieving, throwing)
- Applying basic game conventions in modified games, including innings and overs
- Making tactical decisions during gameplay (e.g. adapting batting, adjusting fielding positions, varying bowling techniques, and choosing when to run to maximise scoring)
- Running with speed, reacting quickly to support effective play
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Movement skills
(Athletics)
| | Athletics — introduction to run, jump, throw - Accurate movement in running, jumping, and throwing relies on balance, timing, coordination, and effective force application.
- Sprints require speed and quick reaction time to accelerate and maintain high velocity.
- Long-distance running requires stamina to sustain effort over time.
- Jumping and throwing events require power, coordination, and flexibility to generate force and control movement.
- Muscles used in athletic activities need to be prepared through mobility and stretching to prevent injury and support performance.
- Participation in different events has varying physical impacts, such as fatigue and muscle soreness after prolonged effort.
- Pacing and rhythmic breathing regulate energy output and support sustained movement during long distance and cross country running
| Athletics — run and jump - Static stretching targets specific muscle groups such as quadriceps, hamstrings, deltoids, and triceps.
- The long jump involves distinct phases: run-up, take-off (plant foot), flight and landing, and using the strongest take-off foot.
- Sprinting and longer-distance running require different techniques and fitness components (e.g. reaction time and speed for sprints, pacing and stamina for longer distances and cross country).
- Effective pacing and tactical decisions (e.g. when to overtake) are still important in longer-distance events (e.g. 300m, cross country).
- Basic physiological responses to exercise include increased heart rate and breathing rate to support muscle function.
- Accurate data recording using stopwatches and tape measures supports performance tracking and reflection.
| | Athletics — introduction to run, jump, throw - Running techniques, with varying stride length, posture, and arm movement, for short, long distances and cross country
- Jumping to maximise height or distance
- Throwing different objects, using push, pull, and sling techniques, over distance and with accuracy
- Tracking, chasing, and retrieving objects with control, linking movement to agility and coordination
- Moving with speed and agility in short-distance relays and reaction time games
| Athletics — run and jump - Stretching for specific muscle groups, including quadriceps, hamstrings, deltoids, and triceps, before and after activity
- Performing long jumps using a run-up and taking off with the strongest foot
- Sprinting for short distances, with a focus on quick reaction time, high knee lift, and driving arms
- Running longer distances (including cross country) with a focus on pacing, stamina, and tactics for overtaking
- Monitoring changes in heart rate and breathing before, during, and after running events
- Recording times and measuring distances to track and reflect on performance
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Movement skills
(Swimming)
| Swimming - Basic water survival skills include floating, treading water, and safe entry/exit techniques.
- The HELP (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) position (in a life jacket or with a tow float) and huddle position helps conserve body heat in cold water.
- Safe reach rescues (e.g. using a noodle or kickboard) must be performed with awareness of potential dangers.
- Breathing while swimming involves inhaling above water and exhaling below water.
- Safety practices are essential during water activities, along with wearing the appropriate gear and following instructions.
- Swimming technique can be adapted for different strokes (e.g. front crawl, back stroke, and breaststroke) and situations.
- Open water conditions (e.g. currents, waves, and temperature) can influence safety and movement.
- Risk assessment includes recognising environmental hazards and knowing when to enter, exit, or avoid water.
| Swimming - Performing floating and sculling techniques
- Demonstrating the HELP position and huddle position for cold water survival accurately
- Performing safe reach rescues using flotation devices with awareness of safety risks
- Swimming increasing distances using coordinated front crawl movements, including correct body position, leg action, arm action, and breathing
- Analysing open water conditions and environmental hazards to identify safe decisions, including when and where to enter or exit water
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| - Weather conditions influence human behaviour, enjoyment, and decision-making in outdoor settings.
- Collaborative problem-solving (mahi tahi) and effective group dynamics can help people address challenges encountered during outdoor activities. Overcoming these challenges can be a source of satisfaction and enjoyment.
| - Outdoor activities can help people discover new strengths, build resilience, and enjoy personal challenges in nature.
- Different types of terrain (e.g. forested areas, coastal zones, elevated landscapes) present distinct environmental challenges and require terrain-specific safety protocols and preparation.
- Risk assessment and management strategies include pre-activity research and planning to reduce risk and increase enjoyment.
| - The joy of outdoor activities comes from balancing adventure with responsibility.
- Natural landmarks, topographical features, and basic navigation tools (e.g. compass, sun position, contour lines) in outdoor environments are key to accurate map orientation and identification of cardinal directions.
- Being responsible in natural environments involves minimising human impact on the land, wildlife, and ecosystems.
| - Evaluating weather conditions and making recommendations about activity options and clothing choices
- Applying group problem-solving strategies to overcome challenging outdoor activities
| - Identifying hazards in the school, home, and community
- Creating risk management strategies for outdoor experiences around school and the local community
| - Using navigation tools to plan routes in outdoor environments
- Identifying ways to engage responsibly with natural environments during outdoor activities (e.g. ‘leave no trace’ principles, demonstrating guardianship — tiakitanga)
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